diff --git a/frontend/src/components/FilePreview.tsx b/frontend/src/components/FilePreview.tsx
index 0dfd792..4c7677b 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/FilePreview.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/FilePreview.tsx
@@ -152,7 +152,11 @@ export default function FilePreview({ file, onClose, downloadToken }: FilePrevie
             )}
 
             {previewType === 'pdf' && (
-              <DynamicPdfViewer url={downloadUrl} />
+              !downloadToken ? (
+                <div className="flex items-center justify-center p-8"><Loader2 className="w-8 h-8 animate-spin text-accent" /></div>
+              ) : (
+                <DynamicPdfViewer url={downloadUrl} />
+              )
             )}
 
             {(previewType === 'text' || previewType === 'code') && (
diff --git a/frontend/src/lib/api.ts b/frontend/src/lib/api.ts
index de77b62..b1b92ad 100644
--- a/frontend/src/lib/api.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/lib/api.ts
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class ApiClient {
       const refreshed = await this.refreshAccessToken();
       if (refreshed) {
         headers['Authorization'] = `Bearer ${this.accessToken}`;
-        return fetch(`${API_BASE}${endpoint}`, {
+        const retryResponse = await fetch(`${API_BASE}${endpoint}`, {
           method: options.method || 'GET',
           headers,
           body: options.body instanceof FormData
@@ -77,6 +77,13 @@ class ApiClient {
               ? JSON.stringify(options.body)
               : undefined,
         });
+
+        if (!retryResponse.ok && retryResponse.status === 401) {
+          if (typeof window !== 'undefined') window.dispatchEvent(new Event('auth_error'));
+          throw new Error(`HTTP 401`);
+        }
+
+        return retryResponse;
       }
     }
 
@@ -100,29 +107,40 @@ class ApiClient {
     return response;
   }
 
+  private refreshPromise: Promise<boolean> | null = null;
+
   private async refreshAccessToken(): Promise<boolean> {
     if (!this.refreshToken) return false;
-    try {
-      const response = await fetch(`${API_BASE}/api/auth/refresh`, {
-        method: 'POST',
-        headers: {
-          'Authorization': `Bearer ${this.refreshToken}`,
-        },
-      });
 
-      if (response.ok) {
-        const data = await response.json();
-        this.setTokens(data.access_token, data.refresh_token || this.refreshToken!);
-        return true;
-      }
-      
-      // Refresh failed
-      this.clearTokens();
-      return false;
-    } catch (e) {
-      this.clearTokens();
-      return false;
+    if (this.refreshPromise) {
+      return this.refreshPromise;
     }
+
+    this.refreshPromise = (async () => {
+      try {
+        const response = await fetch(`${API_BASE}/api/auth/refresh`, {
+          method: 'POST',
+          headers: {
+            'Authorization': `Bearer ${this.refreshToken}`,
+          },
+        });
+
+        if (response.ok) {
+          const data = await response.json();
+          this.setTokens(data.access_token, data.refresh_token || this.refreshToken!);
+          return true;
+        }
+        this.clearTokens();
+        return false;
+      } catch {
+        this.clearTokens();
+        return false;
+      } finally {
+        this.refreshPromise = null;
+      }
+    })();
+
+    return this.refreshPromise;
   }
 
   async ensureTokenFresh(): Promise<boolean> {